Tiered vocabulary

Not all words are equal. Knowing which words to teach, why those words, and then how to teach them is crucial to closing the vocabulary gap for students.

Three tiers of vocabulary

In 1987, researchers Beck, McKeown and Omanson outlined a useful tiered framework to assist in the thinking required to organise words for teaching. Subsequently popularised in the influential text Bringing Words to Life (2013), this three-tiered system has been popular with teachers and effective in the classroom because of its simplicity and utility. Each tier describes a layer of words that share conditions of frequency, complexity and specificity.

Tap a tier below to explore it.

Why is this helpful or relevant?

When we realise that vocabulary is a proxy for knowledge, as educators we also commit to prioritising vocabulary-building for our students. But with thousands of words to teach and limited time in which to teach them, the three-tier framework helps us to organise our priorities.

Pick a subject below to see the tiers at work.

The English language holds one of the highest word-counts in the world. We can’t teach it all. A word’s utility, conceptual influence, possibility for multiple meanings and its links to curriculum will all play a part in our choices. Morphed is here to help with this essential decision.

The curse of expertise

The more you know as an expert, the harder it is to remember being a novice.

Teachers, and subject experts in general, tend to forget just how much they know. The term for this is the curse of expertise, and it can help explain why we might be surprised by student confusion.

Where comes in

Tiers tell you which words matter. Morphology makes them accessible.

Once you’ve made the decision about which words to teach in your subject, the question becomes how to teach them without adding hours to your week.

Morphed picks up where your decision ends: enter the words that matter, and it breaks each one into its morphemes — the meaningful building blocks — then builds the sequenced lessons for you to arrange and assign.

A screenshot of the morphed teacher course-building page, with morphemes and vocabulary arranged into teaching order, each tagged as in-class or homework with a depth and time

A screenshot of the teacher course building page — it is super simple to use.

Where to next

Sources +
  • Beck, I. L., McKeown, M. G. & Omanson, R. C. (1987). The effects and uses of diverse vocabulary instructional techniques. In M. G. McKeown & M. E. Curtis (Eds.), The Nature of Vocabulary Acquisition. (the original three-tier framework)
  • Beck, I. L., McKeown, M. G. & Kucan, L. (2013). Bringing Words to Life: Robust Vocabulary Instruction (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
  • Stanovich, K. E. (1986). Matthew effects in reading. Reading Research Quarterly, 21(4), 360–407.
  • Hennessy, N. L. (2021). The Reading Comprehension Blueprint. Brookes Publishing.
  • Quigley, A. (2018). Closing the Vocabulary Gap. Routledge.

Teach the words that matter

Turn the academic and subject-specific vocabulary of your curriculum into reading that transfers across every subject.

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